陈玥¹,²,³ 祝卓宏¹,²,³
(1 中国科学院心理研究所,北京 100101;2 中国科学院大学,北京 100049;3 中国科学院心理健康重点实验室(中国科学院心理研究所),北京 100101)
摘要
抑郁症是临床常见的情感障碍之一,对患者及家属生活造成诸多负面影响,且发病率呈上升趋势。接纳承诺疗法(ACT)作为认知行为疗法第三浪潮的代表性疗法,在抑郁症治疗中已展现出良好的临床效果。本文基于ACT的理论基础——关系框架理论(RFT),系统概述ACT治疗抑郁症的病理模型、干预策略与实施过程,分析其相较于传统治疗方法的优势,同时梳理国内外研究现状,指出当前研究存在的不足及未来研究方向,为ACT在抑郁症临床干预中的进一步应用提供参考。
关键词:抑郁症;接纳承诺疗法(ACT);关系框架理论(RFT);思维反刍;心理灵活性
中图分类号:R749.41,R749.059
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1000-6729(2019)009-0679-06
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6729.2019.09.008
1 抑郁症的流行现状与危害
抑郁症已成为全球范围内最常见的精神障碍之一。1997年相关研究预测,到2020年抑郁症将仅次于心脏疾病,成为人类第二大疾病[1]。据世界卫生组织(WHO)统计,全球抑郁患者已达3.22亿人,2005-2015年间患者数量增长18.4%[2]。在我国,2013年的一项meta分析显示,大陆地区抑郁症现患率为1.6%,年患病率为2.3%,终生患病率为3.3%[3];2017年全国代表性社区成人精神障碍流行病学调查结果显示,中国社区成人抑郁症12月患病率为2.1%[4]。
美国精神障碍诊断统计手册-第5版(DSM-V)[5]明确抑郁症的核心临床表现包括心境低落、兴趣或快感缺乏、精力减退或疲乏感,伴随症状涉及体重或食欲变化、睡眠障碍、精神运动性激越或迟滞、思维能力或注意力减退、自杀观念等。抑郁症不仅严重困扰患者及家属的日常生活,还会显著增加自杀风险及心血管疾病、心脏病的患病概率,对患者健康与生命构成重大威胁[6-7]。因此,探索有效的抑郁症治疗方法对国民身心健康具有重要意义。
2 抑郁症的常见治疗方法
抑郁症的发病危险因素涉及生物、心理、社会多方面[11],当前临床常用治疗方法包括药物治疗、心理治疗和物理治疗三类。
2.1 药物治疗
药物治疗是重症抑郁患者的首选治疗方式[12]。《中国抑郁症防治指南》推荐使用安全性高、疗效好的第二代抗抑郁药物(如SSRIs、SNRIs及NaSSAs等),或三环类(TCAs)单一药物治疗[11]。但药物治疗存在明显局限性:停药后复发率较高,且治疗效果受患者依从性及药物副作用影响[13]。2009年一项针对6项研究、718名患者的meta分析显示,抗抑郁药疗效与抑郁症状严重程度成正比,重度抑郁患者服用抗抑郁药与安慰剂的效果差异显著,而轻、中度抑郁患者的疗效差异不明显[14]。
2.2 心理治疗
认知行为疗法(CBT)是抑郁症干预中最常用的心理治疗方法,其核心目标是帮助来访者评估、挑战并改变不合理信念,进而改善行为[8]。研究证实,CBT对减轻抑郁症状及改善预后具有良好效果[17-18]。但CBT也存在不足:其认知干预技术的作用机制至今尚未明确[20],且治疗结束2年后抑郁复发率高达50%[21],弥补其理论背景缺陷、降低复发率是抑郁症心理治疗领域的重要课题。
2.3 联合治疗
《中国抑郁症防治指南》明确提出,针对难治性抑郁,在药物治疗基础上联合心理治疗的疗效优于单一治疗[11]。多项临床研究也证实,药物治疗与心理治疗联合应用的治疗效果及预后均优于单纯药物治疗[15-16]。
3 接纳承诺疗法(ACT)的理论基础
3.1 ACT的核心定位与哲学基础
接纳承诺疗法(ACT)是认知行为疗法第三浪潮的代表性疗法,对传统CBT既有传承又有创新[9-10]。其以功能性语境主义为哲学基础,以关系框架理论(RFT)为核心理论背景[23],目前已在抑郁障碍[24]、焦虑障碍[25]、慢性疼痛[26]等多种心理障碍的临床治疗中取得良好效果,其中抑郁症是ACT最早应用的心理障碍之一[27]。
功能性语境主义强调结合行为发生的语境分析行为及其结果[36];RFT作为后斯金纳主义的功能性语境方法,主要解释人类语言及语言对行为的影响[37-38],其核心观点是:人类语言和认知的本质是给事物建立任意联系,并改变相关事物的原有功能[36,39],语言通过构建过往经历的关系网络,将人们的注意力从当下抽离,使刺激关系处于任意语境控制之下,进而导致痛苦与更广泛的刺激相连[37]。
3.2 ACT的病理模型
ACT认为,心理障碍的核心成因是心理僵化——个体因语言和认知的作用脱离当下,无法根据情景变化采取有效行为。心理僵化具体表现为经验性回避、认知融合、概念化自我、价值不清、无效行动及局限性自我认知。
ACT的核心目标并非消除负面情绪或想法,而是帮助患者觉察自身想法与感觉,不被其描述所束缚,带着过往经历与自动反应,朝着自身价值方向前行[39],最终实现心理灵活性的提升——即能够灵活、无对抗地接触当下,接纳内在经验,并采取符合自身价值的行为[39]。
3.3 从RFT视角解析抑郁症
RFT提出人类语言和认知基于关系框架,具有三个定义特征,这些特征在抑郁症的发生发展中发挥关键作用:
相互推衍:指两个事物之间的双向关系推导(如A=B则B=A),抑郁患者的“我没有用”的想法,本质是在“我”与“没有用”之间建立了固定相互关系;
联合推衍:指三者及以上事物的关系推导(如A>B>C则A>C),抑郁患者常通过该机制与他人生活比较,如“ A生活比我好,B生活比A好”进而推导出“B生活比我好”,加重负面情绪;
刺激功能的转换:指关系框架内某一刺激功能变化会引发相关刺激功能的相应改变(如“触景生情”)[36,43-45]。
RFT认为,痛苦是人类生活的常态,但思维反刍会将对未来的担忧与过去的痛苦回忆带入当下,使患者陷入反复思考与自我怀疑,无法采取有效行动[45,51]。同时,思维反刍常伴随认知融合——个体行为过度受语言法则和认知评价控制,产生大量自我抱怨、自我批判等负性自我评价[52],难以用当下直接经验指导行为改变[53-54]。研究发现,能详细阐述自身抑郁原因的患者,治疗效果往往更差[55]。
此外,ACT病理模型中的“经验性回避”是抑郁症加重的重要因素。经验性回避指个体试图改变不想面对的想法、回忆、情绪和身体反应的出现频率与形式[56],虽能带来短期痛苦缓解,但长远来看会加重症状[57]。抑郁患者因思维反刍会采取更多回避行为,导致行为图示狭窄,且回避行为会将注意力与记忆更多分配给负性信息,触发或加重抑郁症状[59-60],同时限制患者与外界交流,使抑郁症状得以维持或恶化[61]。
4 ACT对抑郁症的干预过程
与传统侧重具体症状诊断的治疗方法不同,ACT干预的核心是针对多种表象下的共同心理过程[62],目标是降低患者心理僵化程度、提高心理灵活性,而非聚焦单一症状的减轻[57]。ACT通过6个核心过程实现干预目标,常用方法包括隐喻和正念(正念帮助来访者觉察当下与自身,隐喻利用语言关系作用建立新认知)。
4.1 接纳
接纳是指放弃对内心想法的挣扎与改变,以积极、好奇的心态探索并拥抱当下的感觉与想法。其目标并非减少负性感觉和想法的唤起,而是帮助患者在负性体验中依然能灵活采取符合自身价值的行为[64],摆脱经验性回避的束缚。
4.2 认知解离
抑郁患者常与消极自我评价(如“我很蠢”“我没救了”)产生融合,将想法等同于事实。认知解离的核心是改变患者与头脑中想法、感觉及身体反应的关系[64],而非改变其出现频率与形式。ACT通过多种练习实现认知解离,例如将“我很蠢”重构为“我有个想法——我很蠢”,帮助患者灵活应对负性想法。
4.3 接触当下
思维反刍导致患者陷入对过去的悔恨和对未来的担忧,脱离当下生活。ACT通过正念练习帮助来访者专注、自发、灵活地接触当下——以不评价的态度觉察当前感受与体验,将思维和行为从过去情境中解脱出来。临床研究证实,正念减压训练能减轻情绪困扰与压力,促进心理健康[66],且因不针对特定症状,在处理抑郁症共病其他情绪障碍时也能取得良好效果[67]。
4.4 以己为景
抑郁患者常陷入对自身的片面认知(概念化自我),并因此限制自身行为。“以己为景”指将自己视为事件发生的背景,通过正念技术、隐喻和经验化过程,帮助来访者观察真实经验,促进认知解离与接纳[68]。
4.5 澄清价值
ACT中的价值观是个体内心真正向往和选择的生活方向(与可实现的“目标”不同,价值观是永恒的追求方向)。ACT通过隐喻和正念帮助患者澄清自身价值观,明确生活意义所在[64]。
4.6 承诺行动
在澄清价值观的基础上,ACT帮助患者建立短期、中期、长期目标,引导其依据价值承诺采取相应行动,逐步激活抑郁患者的行为模式,实现人生价值与生活目标[64]。
上述6个过程可根据咨询需求灵活组合,每次咨询可聚焦一个或多个过程。
5 ACT的优势与研究现状
5.1 ACT的核心优势
与传统CBT相比,ACT具有显著独特性与优势:
跨诊断治疗模式:更关注可改变的心理过程而非外在症状,着重改善个体与负性情感、思维、反应的关系,而非针对具体症状干预,因此在处理共病情况时效果更优[71];
治疗灵活性高:可根据患者实际情况设计个性化练习[38],患者接纳度更高;
适用范围广泛:对不适合传统CBT治疗的青少年和老年群体,ACT也能取得良好效果[24,29];
实证支持充分:多项与传统CBT或空白组的随机对照实验显示,ACT患者的脱落率更低,干预后预后状况更优[29,33-35],目前已被美国心理学会(APA)临床心理学分会推荐为抑郁症循证支持疗法之一。
5.2 国内外研究现状
以“接纳承诺疗法(acceptance and commitment therapy)”和“抑郁(depression)”为主题词在Web of Sciences数据库检索,共获得文献480篇,其中近5年文献312篇(占比65%);而在中国知网以“接纳承诺疗法&抑郁”进行主题搜索,仅检索到6篇文献。这表明,ACT在抑郁症治疗中的研究在国际上已成为热点,但国内研究仍处于起步阶段,对其干预效果的系统研究较为缺乏。
6 总结与未来研究方向
ACT作为认知行为疗法第三浪潮的代表性疗法,不仅在多种心理障碍的临床干预中取得良好效果,且因操作简便,在日常生活中也能有效改善心理状态[69],有望成为临床干预抑郁症的最具前景的心理治疗方法之一。
当前ACT研究仍存在不足:临床研究样本量普遍较小,结果统计归纳力度不足[37];ACT引发患者改变的机制尚未明确,需进一步探索[72];ACT弱化症状关注、强调接纳与价值导向行动的特点,导致患者的改变可能不体现在症状减轻上,而是表现为对症状的接纳程度及痛苦中采取有效行动的能力[73],这给干预效果的测量带来挑战。
未来研究应聚焦以下方向:扩大临床样本量,为ACT治疗抑郁症提供更充分的实证支持;深入探索ACT的作用机制;优化干预效果评估方法,适配ACT的治疗特点;结合网络及通信技术,开发低成本、易获取的自助式ACT治疗模式,扩大干预覆盖面。
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(收稿日期:2018-08-25 编辑:靖华)